Theoretical and Applied Physics

The interaction of the supersonic solar wind with the Earth’s dipole magnetic field is surprisingly complicated. About 5 orders of magnitude of spatial scales are involved in the global behaviour of the magnetospheric system and timescales from seconds for the auroral pulsations to several minutes for the reaction of the global magnetosphere to solar-wind pressure changes to several days for the intensification of the electron radiation belt to years for the decay of relativistic electrons. Plasma-physical length scales vary from a Debye length of 0.4 cm in the ionosphere to ion gyro radii of 1000 km in the magnetotail and in the ion radiation belt; plasma-physical timescales associated with wave substructure can also be very short.

The force of attraction or repulsion acting from a distance is defined as Magnetism. Magnetic field is generated by the movement of electrically charged particles. It is essential in magnetic objects such as magnet. There are two poles in a magnet- North (N) and South (S) poles. Opposite poles of two magnets will attract each other and each will repel the like pole of the other magnet. Diverse varieties of magnetism lead some magnets to attract and others to repel. Magnetism symbolizes to the attraction of iron and other metals in magnets and electric currents.

Radiation is naturally present in our environment, it can have either beneficial or harmful effects, depending on its use and control. For that reason, Congress charged the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) with protecting people and the environment from unnecessary exposure to radiation as a result of civilian uses of nuclear materials. Toward that end, the NRC requires nuclear power plants; research reactors; and other medical, industrial, and academic licensees to use and store radioactive materials in a way that eliminates unnecessary exposure and protects radiation workers and the public.

Semiconductor Device is an electronic circuit element made from a material that is neither a healthy conductor nor a solid insulator; hence called a semiconductor. Such devices have found widespread applications because of their ruggedness, robustness, and affordability. As individual components, they have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters, including solid-state lasers. They have an extensive range of current and voltage handling functionality, with current ratings from a few nanoamperes (10−9 ampere) to more than 5,000 amperes and voltage ratings extending above 100,000 volts. More importantly, semiconductor devices lend themselves to integration into complicated but readily makeable microelectronic circuits.

Nanotechnology is defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage, microfabrication, molecular engineering, etc. Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials and their potential effects on global economics.

Atomic physics is the field of atomic and molecular physics that studies the atoms as an isolated system of electrons and also as the atomic nucleus. While molecular physics is the major study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is mostly studied about the nuclear power and nuclear bombs. Atomic and molecular physics is an area of specialization in the field of physics, and the atomic physicists study isolated separated ions and atoms along with electron arrangements and excitation. Atomic and molecular physics studies about the fundamental importance in an education in physics. And moreover, the fundamentals of the atomic and molecular structure are only on the basis for all that we know about the matter of physics.

The interdisciplinary field of materials science which is commonly termed materials science and engineering and it involves in the discovery and design of new materials with an importance on solids. The knowledgeable origins of materials science stem was only clarified when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics and engineering to understand the ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy as well as mineralogy. Materials science is a syncretic discipline ceramics, hybridizing metallurgy, solid-state physics and chemistry. It is the first example of a new academic discipline evolving by fusion rather than fission.

Astrophysics only deals with the cosmic rays from the space. With the measurement of these particles allows us to study the elementary particle physics and also the fundamental issues of cosmology. There are such examples for astro-particle physics such as dark matter and antimatter which probe the measurement of neutrinos from outer space and the highest-energy cosmic rays. In recent years the evolution of the universe has taken remarkable strides. While in case of the gravitational force which is only known to provide a very accurate description of the formation of large scale structure like galaxy clusters and at various interplay with the particle physics which has been crucial. With our knowledge the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation combined with the other data such as the apparent acceleration of distant supernovae which suggests that the universe is well described by an early period of inflation.

High energy nuclear physics studies about the behavior of nuclear matter in energy regimes. The most primary focus of this field is the study of heavy ion collisions and as compared to the lower atomic mass of atoms in other particle accelerators. At the very sufficient collision energies there are many of these types of collisions which are mainly theorized to produce the quark -gluon plasma. Traditional nuclear physics has been only devoted to study about the nuclei which are gently carried out. Using the high energy beams of heavy nuclei ions we can create states of nuclear matter that are very far removed from the ground state.

Theoretical physics is the division of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to justify, explain and predict natural phenomena. It is an effort to understand the laws governing the nature. Experimental physics recovers all the disciplines of physics that are concerned with data acquisition, data–acquisition methods, and the detailed conceptualization and realization of laboratory experiments. Computational physics is the study of scientific problems by using computational methods; it is the computer science, physics and applied mathematics to develop scientific solutions to difficult problems. Computational physics pairs the areas of theory and experimentation in traditional scientific research.

Geophysics manages a wide cluster of geologic wonders, including the temperature dispersion of the Earth's inside; the source, design, and varieties of the geomagnetic field; and the huge scale highlights of the earthbound hull, for example, breaks, mainland sutures, and mid-maritime edges. Present day geophysical research stretches out to wonders of the external pieces of the Earth's air (e.g., the ionospheric dynamo, auroral electrojets, and magnetopause flow framework) and even to the physical properties of different planets and their satellites.

Matter does not simply pull on other matter across empty space, as Newton had fancied. Rather matter garbles space-time and it is this garbled space-time that in turn impacts other matter. Objects (including planets, like the Earth, for instance) fly freely under their own inertia through space-time, following curved paths because this is the shortest possible path (or geodesic) in twisted space-time.

Astrophysics is an extension of classical Astronomy which deals with the celestial bodies and phenomena. Astrophysics can also be defined as the combination of Astronomy and Physics. Some areas where we can see the applications of research in astronomy are electronics, advanced computing, communication satellites, optics, solar panels and MRI Scanners.  Even though it takes time before an application of a research in astrophysics finds its way into our daily life, the impact it eventually makes is worth the wait.

The role of the Medical Physics subsection in Current Oncology is to provide information and evaluations of these exciting developments in image-guided adaptive radiation therapy. Current Oncology also publishes critical evaluation studies of the clinical implementation and effect of novel and clinically established technologies. Medical physics is, usually speaking, the application of physics concepts, theories and methods to medicine or healthcare.

Quantum theory is the theoretic basis of modern physics which explains the nature and the behaviour of matter and energy in the atomic as well as subatomic level. The nature and the performance of matter and energy at that level is referred as quantum physics. Quantum physics is the science of small things in which the quantum reality has an effect. Quantum is mentioned as discrete amount or portion. One of the most unexpected and controversial aspects of quantum physics is that it’s impossible to determine with certainty the outcome of a single experiment on a quantum system.

Thermodynamics is the part of physics that manages heat and temperature, and their relation to work, radiation, energy, and matter properties. Statistical physics is a part of physics where the methods like statistics, probability theory and particularly the mathematical tools will be used in solving out the large populations, approximations, and physical problems.

Spintronics is the use of a fundamental property of particles known as spin for information processing. In many ways, spintronics is analogous to electronics, which instead uses the electrical charge on an electron. Carrying information in both the charge and spin of an electron potentially offers devices with a greater diversity of functionality. Spintronic devices promise to solve major problems in today's electronic computers, in that the computers use massive amounts of electricity and generate heat that requires expending even more energy for cooling. By contrast, spintronic devices generate little heat and use relatively minuscule amounts of electricity. Spintronic computers would require no energy to maintain data in memory.

Condensed matter physics is a lively, dynamic field of research and it is the largest sub-turf of modern physics. It studies the macroscopic and microscopic properties of matter and how matter arises from a large number of collaborating atoms and electrons. Condensed matter physics is often motivated by the search for new materials with astonishing properties. The condensed matter is considered one of the largest and most versatile branches of study in physics, primarily due to the diversity of topics and phenomena that are available to study.