5^th International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics July 02-03, 2018 Vienna, Austria

Experimental Physics is a contradiction to Theoretical Physics. It endeavors to explore physical phenomena to confirm or deny the predictions of theory. Experimental physics, mainly focuses on the instruments and the data it yields. In Experimental physics, Theoretical models are tested and new models are built.

Quantum field theory, since its inception, has been the basic framework for describing the physics of the elementary particle and their interactions. Its success in quantum electrodynamics has been tremendous, leading to the best theoretical predictions of the whole physics as of now. Later, the use of QFT in the description of weak and strong interactions, was also extremely helpful and productive, converging for the standard model, which has a vast and impressive body of experimental support. During the 80’s, the efforts to produce a quantum field theory based grand unified model for the weak, strong and electromagnetic interactions, failed. It was considered to be the starting point for the attempts to use new methods such as string theory in high-energy physics.  

Matter does not simply pull on other matter across empty space, as Newton had fancied. Rather matter garbles space-time and it is this garbled space-time that in turn impacts other matter. Objects (including planets, like the Earth, for instance) fly freely under their own inertia through space-time, following curved paths because this is the shortest possible path (or geodesic) in twisted space-time.

Theoretical framework, new models, and mathematical tools to understand present experiments and make valid predictions for future experiments were developed by Theoretical Particle Physics. There are several major interrelated efforts being made in theoretical particle physics today. The branch attempts to better understand the Standard Model and its tests. By extracting the parameters from the Standard Model, from experiments with less uncertainty, this work circumvents the limits of the Standard Model and thereby expanding our understanding of the building blocks of nature. Those efforts are challlenged by the difficulty of calculating quantities in quantum chromodynamics. 

Astrophysics is an extension of classical Astronomy which deals with the celestial bodies and phenomena. Astrophysics can also be defined as the combination of Astronomy and Physics. Some areas where we can see the applications of research in astronomy are electronics, advanced computing, communication satellites, optics, solar panels and MRI Scanners.  Even though it takes time before an application of a research in astrophysics finds its way into our daily life, the impact it eventually makes is worth the wait.

Plasma physics is defined as the study of charged particles and fluids interacting with self- consistent electric and magnetic fields. It is a basic research discipline that has many different areas of application such as Space and Astrophysics, Controlled fusion, Accelerator physics and Beam storage. Plasmas are electrically conductive and respond to electric and magnetic fields and can be expeditious sources of radiation, they are used in a large number of usages where such control is needed or when special sources of energy or radiation are mandatory.

The property of having zero resistance in some specific substances at very low absolute temperatures is known as Superconductivity. Such substances, which possess this property of Superconductivity are called Superconducting materials. Superconductors are employed in an enormous variety of applications such as high speed magnetic –levitation trains, Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), ultra speed computer chips, high capacity digital memory chips, alternative energy storage systems etc.,. 

Spintronics is a novel area in nanoscale electronics that deals with the sensing and manipulation of electron spin. This is a novel field in electronics at a nanoscale, that involves the detection and manipulation of the spin of electrons. Electron spin can be sensed as a magnetic field having one of two orientations, known as down and up. This gives away two additional binary states to the conventional low and high logic values. These values are represented by simple currents. With the addition of the spin state to the mix, a bit can have four possible states, which is be called down-low, down-high, up-low, and up-high. These four states represent quantum bits (qubits). This advanced technology has been tested in critical devices as the hard – drives with their mass-storage components.

Semiconductor device, an electronic circuit element made from a material that is neither a healthy conductor nor a solid insulator; hence called a semiconductor. Such devices have found widespread applications because of their ruggedness, robustness, and affordability. As individual components, they have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters, including solid-state lasers. They have an extensive range of current and voltage handling functionality, with current ratings from a few nanoamperes (10−9 ampere) to more than 5,000 amperes and voltage ratings extending above 100,000 volts. More importantly, semiconductor devices lend themselves to integration into complicated but readily makable microelectronic circuits. 

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation(Laser). More specifically, one usually means laser oscillators, but sometimes also includes devices with laser amplifiers. The first laser device was a pulsed ruby laser, demonstrated by Theodore Maiman in the 1960s. In the same year, the first gas laser, a helium–neon laser and the first laser diode were made. Semiconductor lasers, that are predominantly laser diodes, that are electrically or optically pumped, efficiently generating very high output powers, but typically with poor beam quality, or low powers with very good spatial properties for application in media players, or pulses for example for telecom applications with very high pulse repetition rates. Special types include quantum cascade lasers for mid-infrared light and surface-emitting semiconductor lasers, the latter also being suitable for pulse generation with high powers.

Solid-state physics is the examination of unbending matter and solids, by the use of methodologies as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. This branch is the largest branch under condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics deals with how large-scale properties of solid materials evolve from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, this study forms a theoretical basis of materials science. This also has direct applications, in the technology of transistors and semiconductors. It has the most striking impact on the solid state electronics. The firms of electronics, telecommunication and instrumentation will acknowldege this course.

Graphene is a blend of graphite and the suffix -ene, named by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer carbon foils in the year 1962. The term graphene first appeared in 1987 to describe single sheets of graphite as a constituent of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). Theoretically GIC is a crystalline salt of the intercalant and graphene. The term was also used in early descriptions of carbon nanotubes, as well as for epitaxial graphene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Graphene is considered an "infinite alternant" (only six-member carbon ring) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.  The toxicity of graphene has been extensively debated in the literature. The most comprehensive review on graphene toxicity summarized the in vitro, in vivo, antimicrobial and environmental effects and highlights the various mechanisms of graphene toxicity. The toxicity of graphene is dependent on factors such as shape, size, purity, post-production processing steps, oxidative state, functional groups, dispersion state, synthesis methods, route, dose of administration and exposure times. 

Normal optical components, like lenses and microscopes, generally cannot normally focus light to nanometer (deep subwavelength) scales, because of the diffraction limit (Rayleigh criterion). Nevertheless, it is possible to squeeze light into a nanometer scale using other techniques like, for example, surface plasmons, localized surface plasmons around nanoscale metal objects, and the nanoscale orifices and nanoscale sharp tips used in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and photoassisted scanning tunnelling microscopy. The marriage of nanomechanics and nanophotonics would bring us a giant step closer to optical chips. That’s important, because light has a vastly wider bandwidth than electricity, which would enable it to get around the critical bottleneck in computing: the connections between processors.

Light is at the center of all biophotonics research. Biophotonics is a relatively new but rapidly growing discipline which uses light to view and analyse living tissues and cells to detect, diagnose and treat dreaded diseases such as cancer, heart disease and Alzheimer’s. The interaction of light with matter results in absorption, fluorescence, reflection and scattering of the beam which can tell us information about the molecule or structure. Biophotonics has thus become an established general term for all techniques that deal with the interaction between biological items and photons. This denotes all the processes from emission, detection, absorption, reflection, modification, and conception of radiation from biomolecular, cells, tissues, organisms and biomaterials. Areas of application are life science, medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

Computers empower us to help broaden and deepen our reasoning of physics by immensely increasing the array of mathematical calculations which we can conveniently perform. Computational physics is a quickly growing subfield of computational science, in large part because computers can solve previously recalcitrant problems or imitate natural processes that do not have objective solutions.  Computational physics may be loosely defined as 'the science of using computers to aid in the solution of physical problems, and to further research in physics. Computers now play a vital role in almost every offshoot of physics and some illustration of areas that lie within the setting of computational physics like large scale quantum mechanical reckoning in nuclear, atomic, molecular and condensed matter physics, Large scale calculations in such spheres as hydrodynamics, astrophysics, plasma physics, meteorology and geophysics, fluid dynamics, simulation and modelling of intricate physical systems such as those that occur in condensed matter physics, medical physics and industrial applications, Experimental data processing and image processing and Computer algebra; development and applications.

Medical physics is also called as biomedical physics or applied physics in medicine. Medical physics departments are generally found in hospitals or universities. The applications of Medical physics include scientific problem solving, comprehensive problem solving of less than optimal performance or optimized use of medical devices, identification and elimination of possible causes.

Physicists use theoretical and experimental methods to develop justifications of the goings-on in nature. Surprisingly, many occurrences such as electrical conduction can be elaborated through relatively streamlined mathematical pictures — models that were landscaped well before the coming of modern computation. And then there are affairs in nature that push even the limits of high performance computing and advanced experimental tools. Computers specially struggle at simulating systems made of numerous particles--or many-bodies – engaging with each other through multiple competing pathways. Yet, some of the most provocative physics happens when the individual particle conduct give way to emergent collective properties. The theory of Quantum Thermodynamic Motion (or QTM) is an area of physics which provides a assembled framework of comprehending for the behavior of complex assemblies, namely their constitute particles and force interactions. In general terms, the many-body hypothesis describes effects that demonstrate themselves in a system which contains a large numbers of non-trivial forces (e.g. particles and fields). While the basal laws of physics that govern the bodies of motion on each individual particle may or may not be trivial, the study of systems collective particles may display extremely complex phenomena. As often is the case in which a tangled array of forces reveal nascent phenomenon which oft bear little or no commonality to the underlying system dynamics.

The force of attraction or repulsion acting from a distance is defined as Magnetism. Magnetic field is generated by the movement of electrically charged particles. It is essential in magnetic objects such as magnet. There are two poles in a magnet- North (N) and South (S) poles. Opposite poles of two magnets will attract each other and each will repel the like pole of the other magnet. Diverse varieties of magnetism lead some magnets to attract and others to repel. Magnetism symbolizes to the attraction of iron and other metals in magnets and electric currents.